Tutorials in otolaryngology
This site will help students of otolaryngology in their exam preparations. Various important topics in otolaryngology will be discussed here.
Friday 6 September 2013
Wednesday 4 September 2013
Thursday 29 August 2013
Friday 23 August 2013
Acoustic neuroma
CT scan petrous apex shows widened internal acoustic meatus a feature of acoustic neuroma.
Radiological features of acoustic neuroma:
1. Widening of internal acoustic meatus "Trumpet sign"
2. Extracanalicular extension into cerebellopontine angle (path of least resistance) can lead to "ice cream cone" appearance
Sunday 18 August 2013
Thyroid cancer staging (AJCC)
TX
|
Primary tumor cannot be assessed
|
T0
|
No evidence of primary tumor
|
T1
|
Tumor 2 cm / less in its greatest
dimension, limited to thyroid
|
T1a
|
Tumor 1 cm or less limited to thyroid
|
T1b
|
Tumor more than 1cm but less than 2 cms
and limited to thyroid
|
T2
|
Tumor size more than 2cms but not more
than 4 cms and is limited to thyoid
|
T3
|
Tumor more than 4 cms limited to thyoid
/ tumor of any dimension with minimal extrathyroid extension
(sternomastoid muscle, perithyroid soft tissues)
|
T4a
|
Moderately advanced disease. Tumor of
any size extending beyond the confines of thyroid capsule to
invade soft tissues, larynx, trachea, oesophagus or recurrent
laryngeal nerve
|
T4b |
Very advanced disease. Tumor invades
prevertebral fascia / encases carotid sheath, mediastinal
involvement
|
|
All anaplastic carcinomas of thyroid
are T4 tumors. T4a includes anaplastic carcinoma within thyroid
tissue and T4b includes anaplastic carcinoma thyroid with extra
thyroid involvement.
|
Surgery is indicated up to stage T4a. Any stage above this level should be treated with palliative radioactive ablation.
Saturday 17 August 2013
Acoustic Manometry
Acoustic manometry determines the cross sectional area of the nasal cavity as a function of distance into the nasal cavity. This provides a two dimensional picture of nasal cavity. These measurements help in objective assessment of nasal patency. Nasal patency is actually a complex issue which can involve mucosal, structural and psychological factors. It should always be borne in mind that the sensation of nasal obstruction is purely subjective and does not correlate `100%
always with clinical examination findings 3. This test has been intended as an objective quantification of nasal patency.
Rhinomanometry 8 is a measurement of pressure encountered by air passing through the nasal cavity 1. This procedure was first introduced by Hilberg 7 as an objective method in assessing the
nasal cavity. It uses the reflected sound signal to measure the cross sectional area of nasal cavity.
This is painless, non invasive, fairly rapid and easily tolerated even by children 6. The sound frequency used should be above 250 Hz. The equipment used for this purpose is odisoft rhino. It
has also been borne out in various studies that there are many objective test values where some patients will complain of nasal obstruction while others may not.
Download the full text from here.
Rhinology selections
This e book contains selected rhinology works of Prof. Balasubramanian Thiagarajan
Rhinology Selections by Dr. T. Balasubramanian
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